第5章 The Two Sides of Power

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TOEXPLAINWHEREIhavearriveduandgofpowerandloveandsocialge,IhavetoexphowIstarted

IgrewupMontreandstudiedphysibsp;atMcGillUyInthesuerof1981,asIwasfishgundergraduatedegree,IattegofthePugwashferenbsp;onSbsp;andWorldAffairsBanff,Alberta,whereIheardaspeebsp;aboutthecrucialenergyandenvironntalchallengesarisgoutofthecreasglexityandfullness-ofpeopleandideasandthgs-oftheworldIdecidedtoshiftstudiesfronbsp;physibsp;tosocialsces,aontodoagraduatedegreeeobsp;andpublibsp;polibsp;attheUyofCaliforniaatBerkeleyAftergraduation,Iworkedatavarietyofresearbsp;stitutionsNorthAribsp;Europe,andAsia,aherporatepntofPacifibsp;Gasaribsp;ySanFrancis

Myfatherhadtaughtthevaeofdtrioness-ofdogjobwell,whateverthatjobwas-andofself-deternationandself-iroventHisfavoritestorywasofHenryDavidThoreau,whohadlivedthewoodsatWaldenPondandafteroyearshadbsp;ouithhisaxesharperthanwhenhehadgone

Iwasyoungandaitioaokerkontheworld

GEIVEPOWER

In1988,whenIwasenty-sevenyearsold,Ivedfronbsp;SanFrancisbsp;toLondontotakeajobtheglobalstrategydepartntoftheenergyyRoyalDutbsp;ShellWhatIlovedstabouforShellwasthepowerIetgthediplotibsp;s:"ThegovernntofC?ted'Ivoirehasreiteratedtheirrequestthaedesistfronbsp;referrgtothenbsp;astheIvoryCoast"Ionbsp;gotastakenphonecalskgwherea300llionpayntforafueloildeliveryshouldbedepositedIlikedShell'spractibsp;roleprovidgtheworldwithenergy:theyiedhundredsofllionsofdolrsayearresearbsp;anddevelopnt,drilledforoilthoandsoffeetuer,andprodubsp;fuelsbyheatgoilsandsandolgnaturalgasIreveledbegasllbsp;thisbigandiortante

IwasatShelttheheightofcapitalistfidenbsp;TheBerlWallhadjtfalleeboonbsp;wasstartg,Franbsp;Fukuyahadpublished"TheEndofHistory,"Tonbsp;WolfewaswritgaboutManhattanfanciersas"MastersoftheUniverse,"andMargaretThatcherronoungthat"ThereIsNoAlternative"totheAnglo-Aribsp;freeenterprisedelThedonantculturalwasthatallspheres-eobsp;political,social,legal,iional,tellectual-atestagpowersprodubsp;thebestout[11]Fronbsp;offibsp;aLondonskyscraper,itseedtothatifeverybodyjtdidtheirjobandphedforwardtheirpart-engagedcivilized,nlyjostlg-thewholewouldgrorosper

Myexperienbsp;atShell,andelsewheretheworldofbess,wasofanalstsgle-ndedehasisonthepragtibsp;eofpower-thekdofpowerthataforrphysibsp;studentuldreizeItseedtothatbesspeopleuoodpowerthesawayMartLutherKgJrdid:"Powerproperlyuoodisnothgbuttheabilitytoachievepurpose"[12]TheirasseedtoordwithPaulTillich'sexpnationofpeiveroot:"thedriveofeverythglivgtorealizeitself,withcreasgiyaensity"Thisdrivebsp;beseentheforbsp;seed:theforbsp;that"guerrilgardeners"eloytoturnvaturbanlotsarks,whentheysurreptitiolyphatbreakthroughthecrete

AtShellIuldseehowowndriveforself-realization,alongwiththatoflleagues,produbsp;furiolyetitivetellectualcreativityandgrowthTheheadofourdepartnt,AriedeGe,wroteabookcalledTheLivgyThishelpedalsoseehowthey'slivgdriveforself-realization,alongwiththatofotheries,produbsp;furiolyetitiveercialcreativityandgrowth[13]

InallofthisIsawthegeiveaspebsp;ofpower:theuniversaldriveto"getone'sjobdone"Powerexpressesourpurposefulness,wholeness,andagenbsp;Althoughpoweristhedrivetorealizeone'sself,theeffebsp;ofpoesbeyondone'sselfPowerishowwekeadifferenbsp;theworld;itistheansbywhibsp;newsocialrealitiesarecreatedWithoutpower,nothgnewgrows

AtShellIwasheadofthestrategygroupthatstructedsarios-piblealternativestories-ofsocial-political-environntaltextswhibsp;theyghtfditselfIn1991,PieterleRoux,aprofessorattheleft-gUyoftheWesterhAfribsp;tactedbecaehewaoetheShellthodologytohelpagroupofSouthAfribsp;oppositionleadersdevelopastrategyforeffegthetransitionawayfronbsp;apartheidNelsonMandehadjtbeenreleasedfronbsp;enty-sevenyearsprison,aioheoppositionaenovernnthadstartedearLeRoux'sprojebsp;soundedigandworthwhileto,andShellbosseswerehappy,afteryearsofbegvilifiedfornothavgdivestedfronbsp;SouthAfribsp;fortheopportunitytorebuildthey'sretionshipswiththeoppositioeer1991,ItraveledtoCapeTowntofacilitatethefirsorkshopofwhatbebsp;knownastheMontFleurSarioExercise[14]

WhatIfoundexhiratgetgtheseleaders-fronbsp;politibsp;parties,tradeunions,ityanizations,uies,andies-wastheirpowerfulpurposefulnessEveryohenbsp;wasittedt,fronbsp;theirparticuridologibsp;andstitutionalbase,SouthAfrica'stoughchallenges,andtheyhadalreadyrealizedthattheyuldbesessfulonlyiftheyworkedtogetherWhitebessnJohannLiebeerreered,withsurpriseandpleasure,hisversationswiththebbsp;leaderswhohadhithertobeenhisadversaries:"Thiswaso,especiallyhowopeheywereThesewerenotpeoplewhosilysaid:'Look,thisishowitisgogtobewheakeoveroneday'Theywerepreparedtosay:'Hey,howwoulditbe?Let'sdiscsit'"[15]Ifeltexcitedyapartthisiortantsocialgeprocess

WhatIsatheseworkshops,andthroughthedowtheyprovidedontothedynabsp;ofSouthAfrica'sextraordarytransition,geduandgofossibletheworldIsawthatateanbsp;ofleadersfronbsp;acrossasocialsystenbsp;uld,evelex,flictual,andchallenggoftexts,exercisetheirpowerllectivelytogethatsystenbsp;forthebetterIiredbywhatIwaslearngaboutthisgeivepower

WhatIsawalsogeduandgofossibleforIsawthatIhadajobtodo-awayofkgadifferenbsp;theworld-suppsubsp;teaIn1993,Iresignedfronbsp;SheloSouthAfribsp;Sbsp;thenIhavebeendogthiskdofworkthereandelsewhere

DEGEIVEPOWER

Howdowebsp;tonotibsp;sothgthaearenotnotig?Iwasonbsp;offibsp;andsungsseswereshirtpocketIwenttoadarkclosetandleanedoveribsp;upsosupplieshefloor,whenIheardasoundthatIuldn'tpbsp;AsIwentout,Iunsciolyfiledawaythata-theunexpedsound-ababsp;towhatIwasdogLaterIsawthatIhadspbsp;sungssesandbeganlookgalroundfortheTheheunexpedsoundandrealizedithadbeenthesoundofsungssesfallgoutofpocketontotheclosetfloor

DurgthefirstyearsafterIleftShelndstartedwasafacilitatorofsocialgetea,IkeptheargsoundsofasedkdofpowerthatIdidn'tknowhowtoterpretMyfirstterpretationofwhathadhappeMoheterpretationthatIasthattheteanbsp;haddecidedthattheirpower,theirdrivetorealizetheelvesasdividualsandasanation,uldreeffectivelybeexercisedwwithratherthanagastoherTheyhadedfourbirdigestosuarizetheirshareduandgofthedifferenaysthefutureofthenationghtunfold:an"Ostribsp;sarioofwhitedenial,a"LaDubsp;sarioofaraednewbbsp;governnt,an"Icar"sarioofthenewgovernntflygtoohightoofast,anda"Fngos"sarislowlytogetherBuhenPalloJordahetellectualleadersoftheAfribsp;Nationalgress,heardthesesariospreseapartyetg,hethoughttheywereridiculolyna?veabouttheessentiallyviolentdynabsp;ofpowertheSouthAfribsp;text"Whatisallthisaboutdubsp;andfngos?"heaskedcreduloly"Theonlybirdsthattterherearehaarrows!"

ItisnotsurprisgthatJordanandIhaddifferentperspectivesonpowerIbsp;fronbsp;apeadueredbackground,andIhadenteredSouthAfribsp;forthefirstti1991,oneyearafterthehopefultransitionaliationshadstartedandseveralyearsafterthehopeless,violentcshesbeeenthegovernntandtheoppositionthe1970sand1980sJordanisbbsp;whibsp;apartheidSouthAfribsp;anshegrewupasased-csspersonHehadspentdecadesexilewfortheAfribsp;NationalgressandhadonlyjtreturhetrytoengagedirectlythesetoughiationsPowerlooksdifferenteoplewhohavetleforit

NowIrealizedwhatIhadbeenhearg:powerhasosidesThegeivesideofpoweristhepower-tothatPaulTillibsp;referstoasthedrivetoself-realizationThedegeive,shadowsideispower-over-thestealgorsuppressionoftheself-realizationofaillibsp;reizesbothsides:"Poweractualizesitselfthroughforbsp;andulsionButpowerishertheoheotherItisbeg,actualizgitselfovernoesandabesulsioooverbsp;thisthreatItesandabesforbsp;ordertoactualizeitselfButitishertheoheother"[16]Power-overabesforbsp;andulsiontosuppressoroppressordoher

LikePalloJordan,wifeDorothyisbbsp;andgrewupSouthAfribsp;andwasvolvedforyearstheanti-apartheidstruggleWhenterwevisitedGuatetogether,shenotibsp;sothgthatIdidn'tThepositionofabalpeoplethererendedherofbbsp;SouthAfribsp;theyweretreatedasiftheywerevisibleNottoseeanotherperson,ortoseeherorhbsp;asanonperson,istheextreionofpower-over

Thestuandgofpowerisaspower-overWhenStephenLukes,aprofessorofpolitibsp;andsociologyatNewYorkUy,wrotehiscssibsp;1974bookPower:ARadibsp;View,heequatedpowerwithdonationButthirtyyearster,thesededition,Lukesrevisedhisview:"Iasastaketodefepowerbysaygthat'AexercisespoweroverBwhenAaffebsp;BararytoB'sis'Powerasdonationisonlyonespeciesofpower"[17]Power-overisasubsetofpower-to

Degeivepower-overarisesoutofgeivepower-toWhenIanbsp;exergpower-toandIfeelselfbugupagastyouexergyours,andifthisflibsp;Ihavethecapacityrevailoveryou,thenIbsp;easilyturntpoweroveryouMydrivetorealizeselfslipseasilytovagself-realizationaboveyours,aobelievgarrogantlythatIanbsp;redeservgofself-realization,aoadvangself-realizationevenifitiedesyours

ManywhitesSouthAfribsp;vaedtheirself-realizationabovethatofothers,andtheydeployedanideology-apart-heid-tojtifytheirbehaviorWebsp;seeanalogodynabsp;acrossrabsp;orethnibsp;groupsorcssesenderseverysocietyTh,theseductivelybeautifulfabsp;ofpower-torphs,asahorrorvie,totheviciolyterriblefabsp;ofpower-over

Onbsp;IhadseentheosidesofpowerstarklySouthAfribsp;Iuldreizethenbsp;reeasilyelsewhereAfterIleftShell,IsultedtoseveraliesandbessassociationsHoton,TexasIfoundthebesscultureofHotonunuandfasatgThebesspeopletherewereunstraedtheirenthiasnbsp;fordepe,ued,entrepreneurialpower-toThe-dopropertydevelopersItownedprivateieswithnaslike"JohnSthIs,"whibsp;Iuoodtorepresentanunabashedcelebrationoftheadvangofandividual'soower